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Apple Rubber Products Home Page Products Full Line O-rings MicrOring™ Seals Custom Molded Shapes Composite Seals Silicone Parts and Seals ExpresSeal® Silicone Housing (Face) Seals Filter Seals® Services Manufacturing Capabilities Engineering Assistance Request Request for Samples Request For Quote Literature Request Quality Testing Testing Lab ISO 9001:2000 What's New Trade Shows Press Releases E-newsletters Technical Library Search Online Seal Design Guide Online Literature Tech Tips Important Considerations for Selecting O-rings Understanding Tolerance Stack-Up Calculating Minimum and Maximum O-Ring Compression Troubleshooting O-Ring Failure Sealing Materials Ask the Experts About Us Locations History FAQs Related Links Links Suggest a Link

Seal Design Guide Section 1 - Introduction Our Mission Statement Welcome Letter The O-ring Example Rules of Thumb About the Seal Glossary How This Guide Works Beyond This Guide Acknowledgements Feedback Please Cautionary Note Section 2 - Products & Services O-rings MicroOring® Seals Composite Seals Silicone Parts and Seals Custom Molded Shapes ExpresSeal ® Silicon Housing (Face) Seals Filter Seals Design Engineering Research & Development Customer Service Comprehensive Manufacturing Technology Prototyping Quality Assurance & Testing Orings MicroOring® Seals Composite Seals Silicone Parts and Seals Custom Molded Shapes ExpresSeal ® Silicone Housing (Face) Seals Filter Seals Design Engineering Research & Development Customer Service Comprehensive Manufacturing Technology Prototyping Quality Assurance & Testing Section 3 - O-ring Basics O-ring Basics Definition Why an O-ring Works Dimensional Consideration Material Considerations Chemical Attack Temperature Friction Pressure Durometer Summary Cautionary Note Illustrations 3.1 Common Application 3.2 Radial Seals 3.3 O-ring Profile Formulas Maximum O-ring CS Minimum O-ring CS O-ring I.D. Section 4: Seal Types & Gland Design Major Classification Static Seal Types Dynamic Seal Types Machining Surface Finishes O-ring Installation Cautionary Note Illustrations 4.1 Internal Pressure 4.2 External Pressure 4.3 Radial Seal 4.4 Static Crush Seal 4.5 Dovetail Gland 4.6 Reciprocating Seal 4.7 Rotary Seal 4.8 Oscillating Seals 4.9 Effects of Pressure Tables Gland Design - Dynamic Gland Design - Static Static Axial Seal Gland Static Radial Seal Static Crush Seal Dovetail Gland Dynamic Radial Seal Rotary Seal Under 900 PSI Section 5: Critical Operating Environmental Factors Chemical Compatibility The Effects of Pressure Seal Compression (Squeeze) The Effects of Friction Methods Used to Control Friction The Effects of Temperature Tolerance Stack-Up Illustrations 5.1 Effects of Pressure 5.2 Extrusive Limit 5.3 Calculating Seal Compression 5.4 O-ring Material Working Temperature Ranges 5.5 Tolerance Stack-Up Graph 5.6 Effects of Tolerance Stack-Up Formulas Actual O-ring CS Section 6: Material Selection Guide Basic Concepts of Rubber Aflas Buna-N Butyl Chemraz Epichlorohydrin Ethylene-Propylene Fluorocarbon (Viton®) Fluorosilicone Hypalon® Kalrez® Natural Rubber Neoprene® (Chloroprene) Nitrile (Buna-N) Nitrile Hydrogenated (HBNR) Polyacrylate Polysulfide Polyurethane, Cast Polyurethane, Millable Silicone Liquid Silicone Rubber Medical Grade Silicone Styrene Butadiene Teflon® Virgin Vamac® (Ethylene/Acrylic) Thermoplastic Elastomers Cautionary Note Tables General Properties Chemical Compatibility Military Specifications Section 7: Special Elastomer Applications Special Elastomer Applications Rotary Application Extreme High Temperature Extreme Low Temperature Abrasion Resistance FDA Food Applications FDA Medical Applications NSF Applications Underwriter's Labortories Recognized Compounds Water and Steam Sterilization Gamma Sterilization Automotive Fuels Brake Fluid Applications Contact with Plastic Surfaces Low Permeability Vacuum Situations Outgassing Compression Set Resistance Drive Belt Applications Age Control/Shelf Life Compound Colorization Automatic Assembly EMI Shielding Concentrated Acids at Elevated Temperatures Section 8: Troubleshooting Common Reasons for O-ring Failure Compression Set Extrusion & Nibbling Abrasion Heat Hardening & Oxidation Installation Damage Plasticizer Extraction Excessive Swell Spiral Failure Weather or Ozone Cracking Failure Without Evidence Explosive Decompression Other Problems Illustrations 8. 1 Compression Set 8.2 Extrusion & Nibbling 8.3 Abrasion 8.4 Heat Hardening & Oxidation 8.5 Installation Damage 8.6 Plasticizer Extraction 8.7 Excessive Swell 8.8 Spiral Failure 8.9 Weather or Ozone Cracking 8.10 Failure Without Evidence 8.11 Explosive Decompression 8.12 Other Problems Section 9: Sizes and How To Order How to Order Apple O-rings Shrinkage Size Adjustment How to Order Custom Parts Tolerances for Custom Molded Parts O-ring for Straight Thread Tube Fitting Bosses Tables RMA Designation "A1" High Precision RMA Designation "A2" Precision Standard AS 568A Size O-rings Standard O-rings Boss Gaskets O-ring Seal Sizes Standard Tolerances for O-ring Cross Sections Section 10: Glossary of Terms Glossary of Terms Section 11: Rules of Thumb Rules of Thumb Section 12: Formulas Maximum O-Ring Compression Maximum O-Ring Compression Minimum O-Ring Compression Maximum O-Ring Cross Sestion Minimum O-Ring Cross Section Percent Stretch Actual O-Ring Cross Section O-Ring Inside Diameter Maximum O-Ring Volume Minimum Gland Volume Minimum Groove Width Section 13: Seal Glossary Seal Glossary Section 14: Bibliography/Trademarks Bibliography/Trademarks